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CONTINUE CHAPTER 11:

HIERARCHICAL DATABASE

CONTINUE CHAPTER 11:

• Data redundancy – many organizations have multiple files on the same subject or person; for example, records for the same customer may appear in different files across multiple departments
• Data integrity – accurate updating of files
• • The advantages of having/using a database are:
  • Sharing – in organizations, information in one department can readily be shared with others
  • Security – Users are given passwords or access only to the kind of information they need
  • Less data redundancy – decrease of unnecessary duplication of data (or data redundancy) when several departments use the same database of information
  • Increased data integrity - Reduced likelihood of inconsistent, incomplete, or inaccurate data – data lacking integrity

CHAPTER 11: DATABASES

• Examples of data include
• Facts or observations about people, places, things, and events
• Audio, music, photographs, and video
• Two ways to view data
• Physical view- actual format and location; usually only very specialized computer professionals are concerned with the physical view
• Logical view - focuses on the meaning and content of the data; end users and most computer professionals are concerned with this view
• • Key field – unique identifier to help locate data based on specific requests
  • This field contains unique information, so that each record can be distinguished from any other
  • Used to integrate data and helps with finding records, sorting records, compiling information contained in the database
• • Two main ways to process data: batch and real-time
  • Batch processing – data collected and stored over time, several hours, days, or even weeks, and then processed at once as a “batch”
  • Example - Bank credit card billing
  • Real-time processing happens “now” instead of “later”.

CHAPTER 10: INFORMATION SYSTEMS.

• An information system is a collection of people, procedures, software, hardware, and data
• They all work together to provide
  information essential to running
  an organization
• Computers are used in organizations
  to keep records of events
• Competent end users need to
  understand how the information
  flows as it moves through an
  organization

CONTINUE CHAPTER 9:

ETHICS:

• echnology is moving so fast it is hard for our legal system to keep up. The essential element that controls how computers are used today is ethics.
• Computer ethics - guidelines for the morally acceptable use of computers
• Digital Millennium Copyright Act – the right of the owner to make a backup copy
• Digital rights management – prevents copyright violations
• Plagiarism – representing some other person’s work and ideas as your own without giving credit to the original person’s work and ideas as your own

CONTINUE CHAPTER 9:

Computer crime – illegal action in which the perpetrator uses special knowledge of computer technology

Computer criminals – those using computer technology to engage in illegal action, five types

• Employees – the largest category; may be trying to steal hardware, software, proprietary information and could be doing this out of resentment and trying to get back at the company
• Outside users – could include employees and clients or suppliers having access to a company’s computer system; could obtain confidential passwords (key term)
• “Hackers” and “crackers” – hackers gain unauthorized access to computer systems “for fun”, crackers on the other hand, create and share programs designed to gain unauthorized access to computer systems. Their motives are malicious and can be very destructive and costly.
• Carders – criminals who specialize in stealing, trading, and using stolen credit cards over the Internet
• Organized crime – tracking illegal enterprises, forgery, counterfeiting
• Terrorists – could potentially crash satellites and wage economic warfare by disrupting navigation and communication systems

CONTINUE CHAPTER 9:

Spyware – wide range of programs that are designed to secretly record and report an individual’s activities on the Internet; in addition to Internet Ad cookies, there are also

• Web bugs – small programs typically hidden within the HTML code for a Web page or e-mail message and can be used to secretly read e-mail message or work with cookies to collect and report information back to a predefined server on the Web
• Computer monitoring software (key term)– invasive and dangerous type of spyware; programs record every activity and keystroke made on a computer system including credit card numbers, bank account numbers, and e-mail messages
• Sniffer programs and keystroke loggers (key term)– can be deposited on a hard drive without detection from the Web or by someone installing programs directly onto a computer

• Computer crime – illegal action in which the perpetrator uses special knowledge of computer technology

   

CHAPTER 9: PRIVACY, NETWORK, AND SECURITY.

• The ubiquitous use of computers and technology prompts some very important questions about the use of personal data and our right to privacy.
• This chapter covers issues
  related to the impact of
  technology on people and
  how to protect ourselves
  on the Web.
• • Privacy – concerns the collection and use of data about individuals
  • Three primary privacy issues:
  • Accuracy
  • Property
  • Access

• Two basic types of cookies

  • Traditional cookies provide information to a single site. Most cookies are harmless and are intended to provide customized service
  • Ad network or adware cookies record your activities across different sites – spyware. Once deposited onto a hard drive, they continue to actively collect information on Web activities; form of spyware
  • Most browsers can control many types of cookies called cookie-cutter programs – which allow users to selectively filter or block the most intrusive cookies while allowing selective traditional cookies to operate.