السلام عليكم

hai..  for hazard avoidance topic I write in English bcoz I want to improve my writing in English sebenarnya nota yang Cik Mah bagi dalam english tu yang pulun kena wat la english juga.. hehehe

I juz write my note in point coz for this topic I thougt it more easier to understand.. Hope enjoy reading (^_^)

Theories of Accident Causation

·Domino Theory

·Human Factors

·Accident/Incident

·Epidemology

·Systems

·Combination

·Behavioral

E. A. Suchman

•      “…defined as that class of events which involves a low level of expectedness, availability, and intention .”

Accident Defined

•Degree of Unexpectedness

•Degree of Avoidability

•Degree of Intention

Heinrich’s Domino Theory

•88% Caused by Unsafe Acts

•10% Caused by Unsafe Conditions

•02% Are Unavoidable

Heinrich’s Axioms of Industrial Safety

·Injuries result from a completed series of factors, one of which is the accident itself

·Accidents occur only as a result of an unsafe act by person and/or a physical or mechanical hazard

·Most accidents from unsafe behavior of people

·Unsafe acts do not always result in an accident/injury

Reasons why people do unsafe acts can aid in corrective action

· Severity of accident is largely fortuitous, & the cause is largely preventable

·Accident prevention techniques are analogous with best quality & production techniques

·Management should assume responsibility for safety as it is in the best position to get results

·Supervisor is key person

·Direct costs and Hidden costs

Heinrich’s Domino Theory

· Ancestry and social environment

·Fault of person

·Unsafe act/mechanical or physical hazard

·Injury

Heinrich’s Two Central Points

·Injuries are caused by action of preceding factors

·Removal of the central factor (Act/Condition) negates the action of the preceding factors & that prevents accidents and injuries

Human Factors Theory

• Accident causation attributes accidents to a chain of events ultimately caused by Human Error

Driven by:

•   Overload

•   Inappropriate Response/Compatibility

•   Inappropriate Activities

Human Factors Theory

·Overload

.Environmental Factors

Internal Factors  
Situational Factors    

·Inappropriate Response 

Identify Hazard but Not Correct

Remove Safeguards  
Ignoring Safety          

· Inappropriate Actions

oDo tasks w/o Requisite Training                                        

oMisjudging Risk

Degree of Task

Petersen’s Theory

· Overload

o   Pressure

o   Fatigue

o   Motivation

o   Drugs

o   Alcohol

o   Worry

• Ergonomic Traps
  • Incompatible Workstations
  • Incompatible Expectations

• Decision to Error
  • Management Of Risk
  • Unconscious desire to err
  • Logical decision based on situation