AINA FARHANAH BINTI ADANAN's Reflection
26th August 2019
Made a full list of the components needed. Searched the material for the floater.
Components list
27th August 2019
Continue to search for the floater material. A pool noodle might be suitable to be used as the floater.
28th August 2019
Searched for battery. Found lead acid battery which can be charged and can supply 12V as needed. The size and weight are suitable with the design of the system. However, the battery cannot be charged in a closed container or an airtight container. This is a big problem as the system will be placed in the ocean.
29th August 2019
Continue to search for battery and material for the top and bottom platform. An A4 sized HDPE plate might be suitable to be used as the platform as they are light but sturdy.
30th August 2019
Still have not found the right battery type for this project. Continue to search for the beacon light and materials for the magnet casing and coil casing.
Materials found:
19th August 2019
Searched and listed some of the materials needed for this project. Enameled copper wire will be used as the coil for they are used in the construction of transformers, inductors, motors, generators, electromagnets and other applications that require tight coils of insulated wire. Also searched for magnets, floater and beacon light.
20th August 2019
Data collection for Anthropometric project at Sekolah Kebangsaan Putrajaya Presint 9 (2) and visit Edaran Marine Centre Sdn. Bhd., a marine supply store in Puchong , Selangor.
Data collection at SK Putrajaya Presint 9 (2).
Visit to Edaran Marine Sdn. Bhd.
21st August 2019
Data collection at Sekolah Kebangsaan Putrajaya Presint 9 (2) and visit Malaysian National Hydraulic Research Institute (NAHRIM).
Visit to NAHRIM.
22nd August 2019
Based on previous calculations, the number of turns of coils is unreasonable to be applied to the design. By using Neodymium magnets, this problem can be solved. Neodymium magnet is a permanent magnet made from an alloy of neodymium, iron and boron. There are many grades of neodymium magnet. The strength varies according to its grade. It is extremely stronger than industrial magnets. For example, N40 neodymium magnet has the strength of 4000T, N50 neodymium magnet is 5000T and industrial magnets are only 1T.
23rd August 2019
Made some calculations to find the number of turns of coil if N40 and N50 neodymium magnets were to be used in the system. It is proven that the number of turns of coils has decreased dramatically. Thus, proceed to searched where to purchase neodymium magnets online.
12th & 13th August 2019
Hari Raya Aidiladha holidays
14th August 2019
Did an AutoCAD drawing of the latest design and preparing PowerPoint presentation for MJIIT supervisor, Dr. Ooi Chia Yee's visit on Friday.
15th August 2019
Mock presentation with Dr. Khairi. Some additions must be made to the PowerPoint presentation.
16th August 2019
Visit by Dr. Ooi Chia Yee. Presented what the project is about and the progress so far.
5th August 2019
Progress meeting. Some updates on the design.
Previous design:
Updated design:
6th August 2019
Made some preparations for the Anthropometic project data collection.
7th to 9th August 2019
Data collection as Sekolah Kebangsaan Putrajaya Presint 11 (2) and Sekolah Kebangsaan Putrajaya Presint 9 (2).
Data collection at SK Putrajaya Presint 11 (2)
Data collection at SK Putrajaya Presint 9 (2)
29th July 2019
Did some calculations to find induced current produced based on the target power range. Using the formula:
P = IV
Where:
P = Power (W)
I = Current (A)
V = Voltage (V)
If the power desired is between 5W to 10W, the current will be between 416.67mA and 833.33mA.
30th July 2019
Found the approximate magnetic strength for various types of magnet and equipment.
31st July 2019
Did some calculations by varying the magnetic strength and area of coil. The magnetic strength was of a refrigerator magnet and industrial magnet. The industrial magnet has a strength of 1T. The area of coil was varied from 2cm to 4cm. It was found that to produce 12V, stronger magnet will require less number of turns. Also, if the area of coil increases, the number of turns decreases.
In addition, did some rough sketches of the design ideas of the system.
1st & 2nd August
Visit from Thailand and Indonesian partners for the anthropometric project.
22nd July 2019
Progress meeting. This week, study more on electromagnetic induction. Find out how to know the strength of magnetic field.
23rd July 2019
Attended a short course on Floating Offshore Structures Design and Analysis by Dr. Henry Kang, the Head of Marine Technology Laboratory in the School of Mechanical Engineering, University Teknologi Malaysia. The short course consists of three modules:
- Introduction to Offshore Floating Structures
- Wave Loading on Offshore Floating Structures
- Floating Structure's Dynamics
Collected some data for the Anthropometric project during lunch break.
24th July 2019
Studied on how to calculate the strength of magnetic field. If the magnetic field strength is known, the number of turns for the coil can be calculated. This is referring to the Faraday's Law Formula. Unfortunately, at the end of the day, the formula for magnetic strength cannot be found. What was found was the formula for magnetic field strength generated from current flowing through a coil which was wrapped around a ferromagnetic core.
25th July 2019
Did some calculations using various values of magnetic strength to see how it affects the number of turns of coil. Using the Faraday's Law formula:
From this, it is proven that the higher the magnetic field strength, the lower the number of turns.
26th July 2019
Progress meeting. To do next week:
- find induced current value
- drawing of the system
15th July 2019
Studied on Faraday's Law of Induction. Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction.
Faraday's First Law:
- any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will cause an emf to be induced in the coil
- the emf induced is called induced emf and if the conductor circuit is closed, the current will also circulate through the circuit and this current is called induced current
16th July 2019
Methods to change magnetic field:
- By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil
- By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field
- By changing the area of a coil placed in the magnetic field
- By rotating the coil relative to the magnet
Faraday's Second's Law:
- the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal to the rate of change of flux that linkages with the coil
- the flux linkage of the coil is the product of the number of turns in the coil and flux associated with the coil
17th July 2019
Watched some videos on how electromagnetic induction can generate electricity.
18th July 2019
Faraday's Law Formula:
Where:
E = induced emf (V)
N = no. of turns in the coil
Φ = BA =magnetic flux (Wb)
t = time (s)
19th July 2019
Found out that the induced current will be AC and the load (beacon light) is DC. Therefore, there should be an AC to DC converter circuit.
8th July 2019
Progress meeting. Focus on Wave Dragon only for this week. To do:
- draw detailed design of Wave Dragon
- design the reservoir: how to accumulate water to a certain level before directing them to the turbines
- read on Kaplan turbine: how much water needed to operate the turbine
9th July 2019
Read on the structure of the Wave Dragon. They are constructed with open air-chambers where a pressurised are system makes the floating height adjustable. Thus, the crest freeboard can be adujsted to yield the maximum overtopping efficiency in different wave conditions. Open air-chambers reduce the movements of the main body, as the wave induced pressure on the underside of the the structure compresses air rather than moving the body.
10th July 2019
Read on the prototype design which was deployed in Nissum Bredning. It was constructed using steel plates which weights about 150 tonnes. The total weight including the ballast was 237 tonnes.
Also read on the PTO. Once the overtopping water has reached the reservoir, the potential energy is harvested by the installed low-head turbines. The operating conditions of the turbines on the Wave Dragon differ strongly from those in a normal river hydro power station. Firstly, the turbines have to operate at very low head values ranging from 0.4m to 4.0m, which is not only on the lower limit of the existing hydro power experience, but also an extremely wide variation. Secondly, due to the stochastic time distribution of the wave overtopping and the limited storage capacity, the turbines have to be regulated from zero to full load very frequently. Lastly, they have to operate in a very hostile environment with only a minimum of maintenance being possible on an unmanned offshore platform.
11th July 2019
Search for suitable turbines which can be used in the Wave Dragon that are available in the market. Did rough sketch of some design ideas based on readings and findings. Found that it is quite difficult to identify the appropriate location to place the turbines as they require low head to operate.
12th July 2019
Progress meeting. After explaining the design ideas to Dr. Khairi and further discussion on the low head turbine problem, Dr, Khairi proposed a simpler concept which uses electromagnetic induction. Also today was a briefing by Dr. Irza on another project: Anthropometric Data of ASEAN Adults & Children for ASEAN NCAP. We will involved in this project from time to time.
1st July 2019
Progress meeting with Dr. Khairi and Dr. Irza. Based on last week's findings, they requested me to fully understand the PTO of two devices only which are overtopping device (Wave Dragon) and wave attenuator (Pelamis). Find out the components involved in generating the power.
2nd July 2019
Read a research paper by Kofoed et. al. entitled Prototype Testing of the Wave Energy Converter Wave Dragon. They stated that the prototype version of the Wave Dragon is equipped with a total of 10 turbines:
- a siphon type on/off turbine, a illustrated in figure below (right)
- six cylinder gate on/off turbines, as in figure below (left)
- three dummy turbines which are basically calibrated on/off valves, with no guide vanes or blades, allowing inexpensive flow measurements.
3rd July 2019
Kofoed et.al. stated that Wave Dragon is unique as it utilises water energy straight through water turbines and has only one type of moving components which is the turbines. This makes the Wave Dragon suitable to be placed offshore where maintenance is difficult to perform and extreme forces seriously affect the moving parts.
The objectives of the Wave Dragon design are to:
- Optimize overtopping.
- Refine hydraulic response: anti-pitching and anti-rolling, buoyancy, etc.
- Reduce (the effect of) forces on wave reflectors, mooring system, etc.
- Develop efficient turbines for extremely low and varying head.
- Develop a turbine strategy to optimise power production.
- Reduce construction, maintenance and running costs.
Above all, the goal is to produce as much electricity as possible at the lowest possible cost.
4th July 2019
Read on Pelamis' PTO. Watched a video by ScottishPower Renewables and E.ON Climate & Renewables on Pelamis Wave Power Machine. Each Pelamis has 3 tubular power modules joined by tubular sections. Wave causes the modules and tubes to move in relation to each other. This motion is resisted by hydraulic rams in each of the joints. The hydraulic rams pump high-pressure oil through hydraulic motors. The hydraulic motors drive electrical generators to produce electricity. Electricity from all the joints is fed down a single cable to a junction on the sea bed. Several devices can be connected and linked to shore through a single seabed cable.
5th July 2019
Prepared PowerPoint presentation for next week's progress meeting.
24th June 2019
Progress meeting. All agreed that overtopping device seems realisable. Dr Khairi requested to focus more on three devices which were overtopping device, wave attenuator and bulge wave device. For the three devices, find:
- existing product (device name, developer, location, etc.)
- construction of each device
- working principle (more details)
- specifications (how much power generated by each device, size, cost, etc.)
25th June 2019
Did some reading on the most popular overtopping device; Wave Dragon. Developed by Wave Dragon ApS in Denmark, it consists of a main body with a doubly curved ramp; a reinforced concrete and/or steel construction, two wave reflectors in steel and/or reinforced concrete mooring system, propeller turbines and permanent magnet generators.
The main body consists of one large floating reservoir. To reduce rolling and keep the platform stable; the Wave Dragon must be large and heavy. The device has two wave reflectors that direct the waves towards a ramp. Behind the ramp, a large reservoir collects the directed water, and temporarily stores the water. The reservoir is held above sea water level. Energy is extracted as the water leaves the reservoir through low-head hydro turbines and into the sea.
There are three models available with different number of turbines, different annual power production and different water depth. The annual power per unit is as in the table below.
26th June 2019
Studied on a bulge wave device called Anaconda. It was first invented by Rod Rainey and Francis Farley. I was later further developed by the licensed manufacturers Checkmate SeaEnergy Ltd. As the bulge waves travel down the tube and arrive at the stern, the pressure in the area ahead of the PTO cycles above and below the tube's rest pressure. During the high pressure part of the cycle, water passes through a set of non-return valves into an accumulator where pressure is allowed to build up. A smoothed flow of water then passes from the accumulator into a conventional hydraulic turbine which drives an electrical generator. Upon exiting the turbine, the water is accepted into a low pressure accumulator and is then drawn through another set of non-return valves back into the main tube during the low pressure part of the bulge wave cycle. A full scale design is about 150 meters long with a diameter of 7 meters was estimated to generate about 1MW of electricity.
27th June 2019
Studied on Pelamis, a type of wave attenuator. It was manufactures and operated by Pelamis Wave Power Ltd. (PWP) in1998. Pelamis is an offshore WEC, operating in water depths greater than 50 meters. It consists of a series of semi-submerged cylindrical sections linked by hinged joints.
The Pelamis is an attenuating WEC where it responds to the curvature of the waves (their shape) rather than the wave height. As waves can only reach a certain curvature before naturally breaking, this limits the range of motion through which the machine must move but maintains large motion at the joints in small waves.
Their first prototype, P1 was tested at European Marine Energy Centre's (EMEC) wave test site in Orkney, Scotland. The P1 has 4 sections which add up to a total length of 120m with 3.5m diameter. It produced 2.97 GWh annually. Their second prototype, the P2 has 5 sections. It was 180m long and 4m in diameter.
28th June 2019
Prepared PowerPoint presentation for next week's progress meeting.
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