SECP1513 (chapters) | SECP1513 by MUHAMMAD NAJWAN HAZIM BIN KHAIRI

The process of producing a set of instructions that inform a computer how to complete a task is known as programming. A variety of computer programming languages, such as JavaScript, Python, and C++, can be used to programme. Also, I learned about the six steps procedure of programming which are Program Specification, Program design, Program Code, Program Test, Program Documentation, and Program Maintainance. In Programming, we need to use structured programming techniques; top-down design, pseudocode, flow chart, and logic structures to solve any problem about programming.

System analysis is the process of gathering and interpreting data, identifying issues, and breaking down a system into its constituent parts. The process of planning a new business system or changing an old system by describing its components or modules to meet specified needs is known as system design. There are six phases of the system life cycle that we need to know for performing system analysis and design which are Preliminary Investigation, Systems analysis, systems design, Systems Development, Systems Implementation, and System Maintainance. If the system is not feasible, six phases of the system life cycle may be used.

A database is a logically organized collection of structured data kept electronically in a computer system. A database management system is usually in charge of a database (DBMS). The data, the DBMS, and the applications that go with them are referred to as a database system, which is commonly abbreviated to just a database. I also learned about the hierarchical, network, relational, multidimensional, and object-oriented database models. You can use any of these to describe a database, based on a variety of criteria. The most important consideration is whether or not the database management system you're using supports a specific model. Although some database management systems accept numerous data models, most are created with a certain data model in mind and require their users to utilize it.

Information systems are a combination of people, technology, and business processes that work together to achieve a business goal. People, processes, and information technology are all part of every information system (IS). Many IT workers, in fact, spend the majority of their time working with people and procedures. Professionals in information systems collaborate with others to build and customize the systems you use every day. Every information system is created with the intention of making someone's life simpler. Unfortunately, the consumer is not always that person. Action, problem-solving, and teamwork are all part of an information systems career. Information systems professionals strive to bridge the knowledge gap between business users and technologists, thus they must be well-versed in both realms. Because of the characteristics listed above, many people are interested in pursuing a career in information systems. It is, however, engaging because it is a career that allows you to work on improving people's lives. IS experts work to establish systems that businesspeople may use to boost their efficiency and performance.

Privacy, trust, and security, as well as law and ethics, are all interconnected. Trust is required for privacy protection and security provisions. Only those whom one trusts will be allowed entry to one's zone of inaccessibility; one will not feel secure unless the security provider is trusted. Invasion of privacy is a risk, and consequently a security hazard. Data privacy refers to the data subject's legal right to data access, use, and collection. Data privacy also considers the costs of a data breach, which can include both hard and soft expenses. Ethics is the grey area where things are done with computers that aren't quite unlawful but also aren't exactly right. We have completely lost the importance of private, secure information since there is so much information available to Internet users. Physical security is the most crucial aspect of security. Unless the person using the printout is ready to bear responsibility for physically protecting the information from unauthorized individuals, sensitive material should probably not be printed on hardcopy. 

Computers were once thought of as machines for performing calculations, storing data, and automating commercial processes. A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. Communications refer to the transmission of this digital data between two or more computers, and a computer network or data network is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. Cable or wireless media is used to make a physical link between networked computing devices. The Internet is the most well-known computer network.

Any non-volatile storage device, whether internal or external to the computer, is referred to as a secondary storage device. It can be any storage device that allows for long-term data storage in addition to main storage. Secondary storage devices are storage devices that are used in addition to the primary storage, RAM, and cache memory of a computer. They allow the user to save data forever because they are always made of non-volatile memory. Most secondary storage devices, such as the hard disc drive, tape drive, optical storage drive (CD-ROM, Blu-ray, and DVD), and floppy disc drive, used to be built into the computer. They're utilized for a variety of things, including backup data for future restores or disaster recovery, long-term archiving of rarely accessed data, and non-critical data storage on lower-performing, less expensive drives.

By transporting data into and out of the computer system, input and output devices allow the computer system to communicate with the outside world. An input device is something you connect to a computer that sends information into the computer and is used to bring data into the system. An output device is something you connect to a computer that receives data and sends it out of the system. I/O devices are commonly used to refer to input/output devices. They are immediately connected to a device controller, which is an electronic module located inside the systems unit. A multimedia computer system's speakers, for example, are directly connected to a device controller known as an audio card, which is then connected to the rest of the system.

The core devices that perform operations and produce results for complex calculations are housed in the system unit of a computer. The motherboard, CPU, RAM, and other components, as well as the chassis in which these devices are housed, are all included. The majority of the functions that a computer is required to complete are performed by this unit. Every component of the system serves a certain purpose. The electronic equipment that interacts simultaneously to do computations and convey the results to the associated input and output devices is referred to as the system unit.

A group of programmes called system software controls and manages the operations of computer hardware. It also aids the proper execution of application programmes. A programme that conducts real work for the user is known as application software. It's usually made to help a user with a specific task. System software is created to manage the system's resources, such as memory and process management, security, and so on, whereas application software is created to meet the needs of the user when doing specific activities.  Types of system software are operating systems, programming language translators, communication software, and utility programs. Also, types of application software are word-processing software, spreadsheet software, database software, graphics software, education software, and entertainment software.